Early River Boats of Southwest Louisiana

The early sailboats on the Calcasieu and Mermentau rivers were probably Jean Lafittes pirate ships, most of which are unknown by name. According to popular legend, Lafitte made a number of trips up the Calcasieu to Lake Charles, where Charles Sallier was a close friend of his. According to Willard Richardson (editor of Galveston Weekly News, May, 1866), Lafitte landed many slaves on Contraband Bayou at Lake Charles, from whence they were sold to the sugar plantation owners.

The only pirate ship that can be identified by name was the Hotspur, which sailed up Mermentau River in Nov. 1820 to refill its fresh water supply.  At that time, 2 crewmen jumped ship, one being Jean Baptiste Callistre, who swam ashore and eventually returned to Saint Martinsville; when he was 90 years old, he was still living on Calcasieu River at Lake Charles. Cabin boy Charles Cronea also deserted and lived with the Attakapas Indians at Grand Chenier for 2 years; and he eventually married an Attakapan woman. On leaving the river, the Hotspur wrecked on a mudflat at the mouth of the Mermentau and later washed out to sea; the wreck had a fortune of pirate treasure aboard.

Between 1838-1848, some Grand Chenier families had resettled from Mississippi, traveling first to New Orleans, where they boarded a schooner bound for Grand Chenier {ie: these included my great Grandpa J. W. Sweeney and family}. Dr. George Carter Sweeney believed that first schooner was the Jubilee, captained by Paul Jones, formerly of Massachusetts. Jones made round trips, bringing dry goods, foodstuff and hardware from New Orleans, which he traded for deer skins, peltries, and sometimes cotton. Oak forests at Grand Chenier often had to be cleared first to prepare a cotton field.

According to Richard Vaughn and Sen. Aladan Vincent, there were a number of sail boats on both rivers before and after the Civil War, about which little information or dates of service have survived. Two of them were the schooners Chafana, captained by Eugene Laurents, and the Flower France, manned by Capt. Louis Zampini.

Other early schooners included the Mary Lee, the Catherine Minerva, built by E. A. Perkins and captained by Joe Wainwright. Lastie Vincent bought the schooner Ramsey from Capt. John Miller of Grand Chenier. The schooner John Albert was also in the early trade under Capt. William Vincent. The first steamboat on the Mermentau was the Cricket, under Capt. Joe Boudreaux, which carried mail and supplies to Grand Chenier and returned to Lake Arthur with cotton, cattle, hides, and produce.

A very unusual boat arrived in Sabine Lake during the 1830s, being the English bark Elizabeth, carrying a load of African slaves. In 1837, the Elizabeth was observed at anchor at the mouth of Johnsons Bayou for 2 months, while the crew cut and loaded a cargo of cypress logs before returning to England.

Johnsons Bayou was perhaps the first place in Cameron Parish to grow cotton, although Grand Chenier followed quickly after 1845. The earliest settlers on the bayou were Dan Johnson, who was a smuggler there in 1790, followed by the Barrows, Henry Orr, and Henry Griffith, who were cattlemen. The writers great grandfather, Frederick Schmidt, arrived on Smith Ridge in 1839, where he grew cotton and installed a cotton gin.  The writers grandfather, James Hill Sweeney, grew about 20 bales of cotton annually at Grand Chenier between 1870 and his death in 1891. And they and other cotton growers were entirely dependent on the river schooners to carry their cotton to New Orleans or Galveston.

Another early cash crop in Cameron Parish was satsuma oranges, introduced into the parish by Valsaint Montie sometime before the Civil War. On one occasion about 1880, Capt. Emanuel Sturlese of Grand Chenier bid $100 for all the oranges, believe to number about 5,000, on Monties biggest tree. The actual figure was closer to 10,000, all of which Capt. Sturlese loaded aboard his schooner Two Brothers, and sold in Galveston.

Charles F. Henry of Leesburg (Cameron) was the source of other information. He recalled that 2 other early schooners on Calcasieu River were the Mary Lynch, manned by Capt. J. B. Quinn, also the Buck Hart, under Capt. Milton Rogers. (Henry may have had an interest in one schooner, since his grandmother was named Mary Lynch.) Henry also recalled that the first Cameron to Lake Charles mail steamer, the propeller Romeo, made 2 round trips weekly from 1876 until 1905. According to a Memphis newspaper account, the Romeo capsized and sank at Lake Charles in May, 1879, but was later re-floated. Although Capt Reynolds and his engineer swam to shore, the six passengers on board drowned, including Dora and Medora Pithon, the granddaughters of Michel Pithon and wife, Denise Sallier.

Henry also noted that around 1900, as many as seventy to eighty schooners at one time could be seen and counted in the stretch of river from 3 miles above its mouth to the Calcasieu bar... Henrys figure seems excessive to the writer, and although the Calcasieu lumber fleet sailing to Galveston was certainly large, a figure of 40 to 45 schooners seems a more likely figure. All the schooners had to wait at the bar for maximum high tide before crossing.

The Lake Charles to Galveston lumber trade began about 1855, although perhaps a little earlier at the Jacob Ryan sawmill. Daniel Goos moved his family and sawmill from Pearl River, MS. aboard the first schooner Lehmann, and reassembled the mill machinery at Goosport. His son-in-law, Capt. George Locke, soon built his mill at Prien Lake, near the Ryan mill, and within a year the Goos and Locke sawmills were exporting 4,000,000 feet of lumber annually to Galveston.

Goos also resettled about ten German ship carpenters from his place of birth, the Island of Fohr, off th coast of Denmark, and he founded the Goos shipyard, which was to build many more of the old Calcasieu schooners. Over the years, the Goos schooners included the second vessel named Lehmann, the Lake Charles, Winnebago,  Cassie, and Emma Thornton, one or more of which were Confederate blockade-runners during the Civil War.

On July 4, 1861, the Jacob Ryan schooner, Ann Ryan, loaded with lumber, was captured at Galveston by the Union blockader, South Carolina. However the Ryan was permitted to dock in Galveston because lumber was not listed as contraband cargo. Since lumber was no longer in demand during the Civil War, the Ann Ryan was converted to a blockade-runner, renamed the Stingray, and it acquired a remarkable record of running cotton past the Galveston blockaders.

According to Galveston Tri-Weekly News of Dec. 15, 1857, as follows: ...Capt. Goos has built for $10,000 a steamboat named Dan to overcome the difficulties of navigation in Calcasieu River....  Whenever there was no wind, or Goos schooners sailed into the timberline, they often had insufficient wind to fill their sails, so by building the Dan, Goos intended to tow his schooners into port or to the Calcasieu Rivers bar. Often his towlines hooked on to other schooners as well and towed them too as a courtesy to his neighbor sawmillers.

The Dan was a 112-ton side-wheeler, 23 feet wide and 90 feet long, and could carry about 500 bales. It was built of white oak timbers, with a V-bottom deep-sea hull.  During the first year of the war, the Dan ran the blockade 3 times to Matamoras, returning with gunpowder, munitions, medicines, coffee, and bolts of cloth. On Oct. 3, 1862, 14 Union Bluejackets dashed up Calcasieu River with a 6-pound cannon in a whale boat, and captured the Dan, upon which they mounted a 30-pound cannon. They then brought the Dan to Sabine Lake, where for 3 months the Dan and its cannon terrorized Sabine Pass. During a dense fog on Jan. 8, 1863, 9 Confederate cavalrymen paddled up to the Dan, anchored at Sabine Lighthouse, set it ablaze until it exploded and sank.

During the next two years, many blockade runners, including the Mary Ann, Conchita, Eliza, Blue Bell, Revenge, Pushmataha, J. W. Wilder, Maria Alfred, Mandoline, Concordia, and many others (along with the Goos schooners) entered and exited the Calcasieu and Mermentau rivers with clocklike frequency, for there was no permanent blockade of the rivers until after May 6, 1864. Confederate Lt. Aikens once feared that the 200 Mermentau Jayhawkers would attack 2 blockade-runners at anchor in Mermentau River and steal the 800 kegs of gunpowder that were aboard them.

In May, 1863, the Confederate steamer T. J. Smith was docked at Lake Charles, where it was reported as inoperable. The steamer had been confiscated from the notorious Henry Clay Smith, who had defected to the North. Later the Smith was sunk south of Cameron when it was intercepted by a blockader or a Union gunboat.

On May 6, 1864, the Sabine Pass garrison caught the Union gunboats Wave and Granite City at anchor opposite the Leesburg courthouse. Following 90 minutes of battle and endless cannonading, the gunboats surrendered, and both were converted to blockade-runners. The Granite City, renamed the Three Sisters, was driven ashore at Velasco, Texas, and its load of cotton was burned. The Wave escaped to Vera Cruz, where its load of cotton was sold, and the Wave was sold to new owners.

P. E. Smith reported that his father (and my great grandfather), Duncan Smith,  bought a steamboat which he operated on the Calcasieu for a few years around 1870, but he could not remember what the name was. Duncan Smith was also a bar pilot for the Calcasieu River, having piloted the gunboat Wave to its anchorage near his home.

During the 1870s 2 other schooners operated between Grand Chenier and Galveston. One was Capt. Emanual Sturlese Two Brothers, which hauled the load of oranges to Galveston. The other was Capt. Charlie Sturlese Two Sisters. One day in Oct. 1881, my Uncle Andrew Sweeney finshed ginning his 18 bales of cotton, which he loaded onto the Two Sisters. When they sailed, there were 3 passengers aboard, Sweeney, who hoped to buy his wedding suit and some furniture in Galveston, and John Miller, who carried $500 in gold in his money belt. During the night the Two Sisters sprang a leak and sank, and the crew and passengers floated away on bales of cotton. The next day Sturlese washed up on the beach, vomiting water but alive. When Millers body was found, his money belt was missing, but the body of Sweeney was never found. For 2 weeks, Sweeneys fiancée Margaret Doland waited with a lantern shining in her window, but Sweeney never returned.

On Aug. 22, 1879, a destructive hurricane struck everywhere along the Louisiana coastline, including much property and maritime damage at Cameron. Six schooners, 4 steamers, and 3 barges were driven ashore by the huge tidal wave. The schooners were the Mary Lynch, Catherine Minerva, Eagle, Bee, Fanny, and Verbena. The steamers were the Pearl Rivers, Col. Hooker, Alamo, and Alert, the latter towing 3 barges. The Alert belonged to the Louisiana Western Railroad, and its barges were loaded with railroad iron. It was believed that many of the vessels could be salvaged and re-floated, and indeed, the Pearl Rivers was on the shipways at Lake Charles when the hurricane of Oct. 12, 1886 came ashore.

From Galveston Weekly News of Sept. 4, 1879, as follows: ...The lighthouse was wrenched out for 6 inches, and its beacon light was carried away...The new cotton gin and press house of S. P. Henry is prostrated... The houses of Capt. Tom Reynolds, Gus Williams, Joseph Cormier, and Duncan Smith are washed inland or out to sea, since they are nowhere to be found... Thousands of cattle are drowned, and it is reported the damage is even worse at Grand Chenier and Johnson Bayou... 

Although at various times there were more than 100 steamboats on Sabine River, those boats were devoted primarily to Texas commerce. And only 3 boats are considered pertinent to this essay at Johnsons Bayou. Between 1880 and 1886, the population of Johnsons Bayou increased to about 1,200 persons prior to the 1886 storm, and many new settlers had moved in from the northern states.

There were 2 separate towns there, Radford, nearer to the bayous mouth and Johnson Bayou, each town having about 150 permanent residents. There were also 4 stores - Caswell Peveto, J. C. Griffith, Austin B. Smith, and Calvin Peveto - as well as 2 cotton gins and grist mills, 2 sugar mills, and 1 blacksmith shop. In the spring of 1886, there were 600 acres planted in cotton, expected to yield 900 bales; 200 acres of sugar cane, and about 100 acres planted in Satsuma oranges.

Two Orange steamboats, the Emily P. and the Lark, were devoted almost solely to the Johnson Bayou trade. They carried lumber, firewood, mail, freight, furniture, hardware, and dry goods to Johnson Bayou, 2 round trips weekly, and returned to Orange, carrying cattle and other livestock, cotton, hides, peltries, oranges, and other produce. The schooner Dreadnaught remained in the Galveston to Johnson Bayou trade year round, bringing in mail, freight, and foodstuffs, and carrying out cattle, mail, cotton, and hides one roundtrip weekly.

On the night of Oct. 12, 1886, Johnson Bayou was destroyed by a large hurricane, which drowned 110 persons. The Emily P. and Lark brought out about 1,000 refugees, carrying them to Beaumont and Orange, Most of them never returned to the bayou, returning instead to their homes in the north. Others returned to the bayou until there were 57 families living there in 1895. 

Another Calcasieu steamer was the ferryboat Hazel, which between 1888-1916, made thousands of voyages, one every 2 hours across Calcasieu River from Lake Charles to Westlake. The Hazel had a maximum capacity of 300 persons, and when removed from service, it was estimated to have carried a total of 4 million persons by the time it was retired in 1916.

The only other boat that space will permit was the Borealis Rex, a steamer which remained in the Cameron-Lake Charles trade from 1905 until 1930. Built at Stillwater, Minnesota in 1888, the Rex was 121 feet long and weighed 89 tons. It had formerly sailed in the Mississippi and Atchafalaya river trade during its earliest years. The Borealis Rex belonged jointly to T. C. McCain, A. B. McCain, and J. S. Thomson, who had paid $14,000 for the steamer at Morgan City.

The Rex made 3 round trips weekly to Cameron, leaving Lake Charles early on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Saturdays under Capt. McCain. The steamer sank once during the hurricane of Aug. 6, 1918, but was raised and put back into service in April, 1919. After 25 years of sailing, the Rex was tied up, first because it had lost the mail contract to Cameron to a faster boat; and secondly, the new road from Sulphur to Cameron was completed in 1931. (I may be one of the last persons alive, who at age 11, was waiting with his parents at Sulphur in 1931 for the ribbon across new Highway 27 to be cut.)

Strangely, the writer can connect some early ship captains with the Galveston to Lake Charles lumber trade, but not with any schooners names. In 1928 Capts. Tom Bergstedt and A. J. Moss lived in retirement at Dutch Cove, south of Sulphur. Bergstedt had come to Lake Charles in 1869, and he captained one of the 40 or 45 lumber schooners between here (Lake Charles) and Galveston, of which he was one. Capt. Charlie Nelson was another who died at Grand Chenier about 1906. Both Nelson and Bergstedt were natives of Sweden.

This story could be more complete if records from an early custom house or steamboat inspection service were available. In the meantime, many of the early-day schooners and steamers are recalled here for the benefit of the lovers of maritime history.